Inferential Presentation: Statistics

Inferential Presentation: Statistics

This exploratory presentation looks at expense account data of a company’s seven sales representatives over the past four months. The study investigated the relationships between the variables of amounts claimed and amounts reimbursed in relation to legitimate expense claims in order to test the null hypothesis that reimbursement is dependent upon claims fulfilling legitimate expense claim criteria. The value of alpha is equal to a 0.05 level of significance. The inferential analysis follows that outlined by the previous descriptive analysis which demonstrated a strong and dependable relationship between the dependent variable ‘claimed’ and the explanatory variable ‘reimbursed’.

This shows that the data were correctly processed by simply using clustering for the company’s seven sales representatives over the previous four months from the previous data set.

Table 1

	Claimed	Reimbursed
Correlation Table	Data Set #1	Data Set #1
Claimed	1.000	0.857
Reimbursed	0.857	1.000

It shows that the correlation data 0.857 is not correct based on computation using Microsoft excel programs which revealed the value of 0.8768125

	Claimed	Reimbursed
Covariance Table	Data Set #1	Data Set #1
Claimed	78383.46	64843.84
Reimbursed	64843.84	73014.63

This computation for the covariance is absolutely wrong. The actual computations for covariance using Microsoft excel program is

Covariance
	Claimed	Reimburse
Claimed	8330.798469
Reimburse	2468.482143	951.3928571

The above table 1 shows the positive correlation between the variables of claims and reimbursed claims as derived from the StatTools output for calculation and covariance.

This statement is correct because there was a positive correlation with a matrix value of 0.8768125.

Looking further into the relationship using regression analysis we find the following below in table 2:

Table 2

	Multiple	R-Square	Adjusted	Std Err of
Summary	R		R-Square	Estimate
	0.8575	0.7353	0.7330	139.7820051
	Degrees of	Sum of	Mean of	F-Ratio	p-Value
ANOVA Table	Freedom	Squares	Squares
Explained	1	6188762.843	6188762.843	316.7388	<>
Unexplained	114	2227447.019	19539.00894
	Coefficient	Standard	t-Value	p-Value	Lower	Upper
Regression Table		Error			Limit	Limit
Constant	-18.57178804	19.19132541	-0.9677	0.3352	-56.58965587	19.44607978
Claimed	0.82859208	0.046557551	17.7972	<>	0.736361931	0.920822229

The coefficient of correlation of 0.828 for claimed, shows a high correlation and therefore a strong relationship between the dependent variable (reimbursement) and the explanatory variable (claimed).

Using the above the tables (Table 2), the value for the correlation is not 0.828, but, 0.8575. The correlation statement is only quite correct. It should be very high correlation because it is near to 1 and above 0.75.

The confidence limits start at a positive lower limit value of 0.736 at p-value of <0.0001 style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">

If the computed data was correct the statement was correct, however, based on computation the regression slope of the confidence interval is very small with 0.060265684 to 0.507232254 which is closer to zero, and has significant relation to the “legitimate” expense claims.

The R² 0.735 at a p-value of <0.0001 style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">

If the computed data was correct the statement was correct however based on the computation, the resultant R Square 0.7565 is very close to 1 and it is above 0.75 which means that the correlation is near normal curve distribution, so, it is interpreted as very high positive correlation. Thus, in percentile (%), 75.65 is an indicator of significant relationship between the variables of amounts claimed and amounts reimbursed in relation to “legitimate” expense claims. Finally, the R square of 0.756494365is quite near to the adjusted R square 0.695617957. This means that the regression model approximately fits the data.

From the data above a simple linear regression equation can be calculated thus;

Y= 0.828 X₂ 18.571

(Y= claimed and X₂ = reimbursed)

In this data you can see that the values are inconsistent with those in table 1. This means that the data were absolutely wrong.

The hypothesis test in table 3 below, we look at the alternative hypothesis that submitted claims i.e. those deemed to legitimate are not dependant upon the reimbursement criteria being fulfilled. The results illustrate that at an output at 1% significance it fails to reject the null hypothesis as the p-value is just greater than 0.05 at 0.0519. Indeed, the failure to reject the null is maintained at 5% level of significance.

Table 3

StatTools	(Core Analysis Pack)
Analysis:	Hypothesis Test
Performed By:	Computing Services
Date:	25-Jun-09
Updating:	Live
	Claimed	Reimbursed
Sample Summaries	Data Set #1	Data Set #1
Sample Size	116	116
Sample Mean	$303.66	$233.03
Sample Std Dev	$279.97	$270.53
	Equal	Unequal
Hypothesis Test (Difference of Means)	Variances	Variances
Hypothesized Mean Difference	0	0
Alternative Hypothesis	<> 0	<> 0
Sample Mean Difference	$70.62	$70.62
Standard Error of Difference	36.14719623	36.14719623
Degrees of Freedom	230	229
t-Test Statistic	1.9537	1.9537
p-Value	0.0519	0.0520
Null Hypoth. at 10% Significance	Reject	Reject
Null Hypoth. at 5% Significance	Don't Reject	Don't Reject
Null Hypoth. at 1% Significance	Don't Reject	Don't Reject
Equality of Variances Test
Ratio of Sample Variances	1.0710
p-Value	0.7135

In addition, when we look at the reimbursed outputs in table 4 below, we can see that the coefficient of correlation for reimbursed is a high correlation value at 0.858, again indicating a strong relationship the dependent variable (claimed) and the explanatory variable (reimbursed). The confidence limits begin in the positive 0.736 at <0.0001>2 0.735 at a p-value of <0.0001>

Using the given tables, correlation was not high correlation, but, it is very high correlation because it is above 0.75. The R² 0.735 is very near to the adjusted R 0.733 which means that the regression model approximately fits the data very well.

From the data in table 4 below a simple linear regression equation can be calculated thus;

Y+ 0.887 X₂ 96.847

(Y= reimbursed and X₂ = claimed)

In this data you can see that the values are inconsistent with those in table 1. This means that the data were absolutely wrong.

The hypothesis table 3 shows the alternative hypothesis i.e. that successfully reimbursed claims - those confirmed legitimate are not dependant upon the claims criteria being fulfilled. The results show that the p-value for reimbursed is just above 0.05 at 0.0520 and therefore at a 1% significance fails to reject the null hypothesis. Again, failure to reject the null is maintained at the 5% level of significance.

This statement is correct because the null hypothesis of this study was accepted in the computation of the analysis of variance. The result of the “Analysis of Variance” (ANOVA) shows that the computed F (12.43) is less than the tabular values of F-statistics (230) at 0.05 degree of freedom (1, 4). This means that there is no significant difference between the variables of amounts claimed and amounts reimbursed in relation to “legitimate” expense claims.

Table 4

Multiple

R-Square

Adjusted

StErr of

Summary

R

R-Square

Estimate

0.8575

0.7353

0.7330

144.6618885

Degrees of

Sum of

Mean of

F-Ratio

p-Value

ANOVA Table

Freedom

Squares

Squares

Explained

1

6628413.141

6628413.141

316.7388

<>

Unexplained

114

2385685.066

20927.06198

Coefficient

Standard

t-Value

p-Value

Lower

Upper

Regression Table

Error

Limit

Limit

Constant

96.84747643

17.76052565

5.4530

<>

61.66401192

132.0309409

Reimbursed

0.887455339

0.049865003

17.7972

<>

0.788673152

0.986237527

Conclusion

The data set is limited in that it contains only two numeric variables upon which to undertake regression analysis. The inferential analysis follows that outlined by the previous descriptive analysis which demonstrated a strong and dependable relationship between the dependent variable (claimed) and the explanatory variable (reimbursed).

The regression method was already presented in the tables. The computed value of the regression was 316.7388 while the tabulated value 253 at 0.05 level of significant. This implies that the null hypothesis was rejected because computed value was greater than the tabulated value.

This is to be expected given that it is a truism that claims made would be expected to be reimbursed assuming that they fulfill the claims criteria. We have learned that 23.3% of claims were not reimbursed in the 4 month period due to not being considered “legitimate”. This therefore proves the null hypothesis that the successful reimbursement of expense claims are indeed dependant upon the claim criteria being fulfilled.

This statement is true because there is no significant difference between the variables of amounts claimed and amounts reimbursed in relation to “legitimate” expense claims.

Reference

Albright, S., Winston, W., & Zappe, C. (2006). Data Analysis and Decision Making with Microsoft Excel. Manson, US: Thomson South-Western, USA.

Don't delete the Cokies!!!

For your computer guidance. Don't delete cookies. Cookies are important to your computer. Your computer is just like a Cookie jar in which you can store your cookies.

On the other hand cookies in the cyberspace are very different because it is something to do with your username, date you last visited the website and other information that the website want to put into the file. When you visited the website the text filename stored in your computer. This will lead the browser to tailor the information at the website to your preferences.

Microfinance a non-profit institution?

Microfinance deals primarily to the supply of loans, savings, other basic financial services to poor. These microfinance institutions are often non-profit organisation institutions. It helps poor people to create successful enterprenuers.

In this connection I want to inform you that there person to person micro lending website, empowering individuals to lend directly to unique enterprenuers around the globe.

On the other eventhough this instutions are declared a non profit institution. They still have earned for a profit. This idea was based on my previous study on Lebanon. However it is a great help that we have microfinance here in the Philippines.

In fact one of my freind told me that there was a microfinance in Marikina. It was facilitated by a Nun. And according to her it was a great success. So meaning microfinance here in the Philippine was a great success so investors try the Philippines.

Up! Up! Projectile

Actually this problem call to my attention because lots of my students were asking me how to compute the angle of this kind of problem so I decided to put it on blog for my Physics class.

Sample Problem for projectile at an angle:

A projectile is launched at acertain angle. After 5 seconds, it was observed that it hits the top of PCH DLSU building 1000m away. PCH DLSU building height is 100m. Find the angle of the projectile when it is launched.

Step 1: Write the Given: t = 5 sec; X = 1000m; Y = 100m and g = 9.8m/s^2

Step 2: Find the angle.

Step 5: Answer = 12.54 degree

Blogger hacks the Twitter, Facebook and LiveJournal?

When I was looking around the yahoo news I was shock that Twitter, Facebook and LiveJournal was hack. However I was slightly amazed because the person who hacks was from blogger. This blogger was from Georgia Russia with blogger name of Cyxymu. Cyxymu hack the Twitter because it is very vulnerable compared to Facebook and LiveJournal. Twitter has also small size security while Facebook is more protected.

In connection I checked my accounts in Twitter, and Facebook and even my Myspace. I just haven’t seen any difference after hacking. Anyway may it is juts a promotion of Twitter, Facebook and LiveJournal. Anyway this lightway communication stills a good help to ever existing matured human being in space of time.

Coffee a brain booster?

Nescafe Coffee

When was the last time that you forget taking coffee in the morning? Have you ever been imagine if coffee is not on your table at early in the morning? How can you start a day without taking coffee? How are you going to work for an article or thesis/dissertation might be if there is no coffee in your side? These questions trigger me to write this article.
During my younger years here on the planet earth I often take coffee every morning and until now I am quite older. I still have my coffee on my side. This gives me an engine, I often thinking that this is my brain booster. Many of my works in making thesis and dissertation as freelance writers was done with my Nescafe coffee. Taste and fragrance makes me more energetic and it keeps me going. With this coffee I finished my writings on time and well edited papers. So what are waiting for take coffee but be sure it is Nescafe Coffee?

Nature computations

In the middle of the night it was so cool and in silence. I couldnt imagine that there was a dropped of water in a faucet. In this juncture, I remember my computations in Physics. It was then called free fall motions. The midnight strikes my eagerness to write an article about this emptiness of my sorrounding because people falls asleep and eyes are park then. But the lightway communication still at hand so I have to share my thoughts of mine to gives you a quite computation of midnight silence.
Yes indeed droppings of water can be calculated but my fingers counts passing of my language. So how can I persihed my thirst of saying I am a physicist.

Nothing to say about Cory Aquino

First I am a filipino. It is my great honor that I am a filipino this is the most memorable like stated by the late president Cory Aquino and this touches my heart and as of the moment I am proud that I am a filipino. In this regards I will promise to help my country to build the strong nation and will move my life with a great vision for the sake of my nation. Cory is the most respected persident of my country and I really appreciate her for being the president. Cory is now so called the icon of democracy. Her death leads to another page of the Philippine history she again change the nations history and with that I am so happy because she again wake the spirit of democracy of the country. In this connection after the burial what will happen next.... A common tao says along the street another one was who will lead us to fight for the country's democracy? In this manner the TV anchor said if some one left there will be another person that will bloom and rise from no where I hope it will be soon for the sake of my country. Anyway all eye are still there.Filipino People were not that sleeping but monitoring if they are needed they will come and if the goal is for the sake of filipino nation they will come. And hope we will see each others on the side of EDSA if that time happens.......

All about Physics

It is a common knowledge that Physics is a branch of Physical Science which deals with the study of matter, energy and their interactions. It is one of the foundations of all sciences. It is classified as an Experimental Science. It is also categories as the basic of all sciences. It primarily involves Units, Physical Quantities and Vectors, Motion along Straight and Curved Path, Work, Energy, Power, Momentum and its relationship to Impulse and etc.

Tourists and their Country of Origin

Of the 316 tourists respondents’, 120 or 37.97% were from China, 48 or 15.19% were from USA, 30 or 9.49% were from Australia, 24 or 7.59% are from Japan, 16 or 5.06% were from Taiwan, 14 or 4.43% were from Singapore, 12 or 3.80% were from Germany, 12 or 3.80% % were from the Philippines and lastly, Canada, Macau, Malaysia, UK and others has frequency value of 8 or 2.53%. It reveals that China has the highest frequency among other countries. This is very understandable considering that China is just miles away from the country, and visitors can even travel via the underground tunnel. Generally, it implies that aside from Chinese visitors, Hong Kong has mixed foreign visitors.

Table 25: Frequency and percentage distribution of
Tourists with their country of origin

Country of Origin Frequency Percent
Australia 30 9.49
Canada 8 2.53
China 120 37.97
Germany 12 3.80
Japan 24 7.59
Macau 8 2.53
Malaysia 8 2.53
Other 8 2.53
Philippines 12 3.80
Singapore 14 4.43
Taiwan 16 5.06
UK 8 2.53
USA 48 15.19
Total 316 100.00

Lenght, Mass, and Time

Length

Yard – In A.D. 1120, yard is measure from the standard length of the kings tip nose to the end of his outreached arm (King Louis XIV).

Meter was originally defined as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North Pole (1791).

Meter was defined by an atomic standard, in terms of the wavelength of the orange- red light emitted by atoms of Krypton (86Kr) in a glow discharge tube; one meter was defined as 1650763.73 of these wavelengths (1960).

Meter was redefined as the distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time of 1/ 299792458 second.

Mass

The MKS unit of mass is Kilogram. Kilogram (Kg) is defined as the mass of a specific platinum-iridium alloy cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Serves, France (1887).

Time

The unit of time was based on a certain fraction of the mean solar day, the average time interval between successive arrivals of the sun at its highest point in the sky (1960).

In 1967, the second/s is redefined as 9192631770 times the period of vibration of radiation from the cesium atom (Period is the time interval needed for one complete vibration).

References:

Beiser, Arthur. (1992). Modern Technical Physics. Singapore: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company

Catchillar, Gerry C., and Malenab, Ryan G. (2003). Fundamental Physics. National Bookstore

Giambattista, A, Richardson, B. and Richardson, R. (2007). College Physics. 2^nd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Companies, Inc.

Giancoli, D.C. (1998). Physics: Principles with Applications 5^th Ed. London Prentice Hall International, Inc.

Halliday, D., Resnick, R. and Walker, J. (1997). Fundamentals of Physics. 5^th Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hewitt, Paul G. (1997). Conceptual Physics, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company United State of America

Serway, Raymond A., and Faughn, Jerry S., (2003) College Physics., 6^th Ed. Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning Asian Edition.

Serway, Raymond A., and Jewett Jr., John W., (2004) Physics for Scientist and Engineers with Modern Physics., 6^th Ed. Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning Asian Edition.

Urone, Paul Peter. (2004) Physics with health science application. Philippines: Golden Gate Printer

Young, H.D. and Freedman, R. A. (2000). Unversity Physics. 10^th Ed., Singapore: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.

Who are my superfriends?

First of all if you click my button you are the superfriend.

This means that you are my very supportive friend.
And I really treasure you.
Thank you very much for all the support and help.

Actually I have lots of friend in the lightway communication but not of them were supportive. There are some instances that they failed me but though they are my friend. It is very normal that sometimes their were trials in friendship but with that we became mo stronger. I just want to awknowlegde my superfriend. Those who are their with me in times of storms and sunshine of my life.
Superfriend means everylittle thing happened to you, they were there to support you and help you in times of need. This is not only on money but a lot of things. You share every details of your being. Its to nice that I have you friend... And I treasure you in the bottom of my heart and for being of my being..

Investment TIPS

Most of the people in stocks are not saying anything about the companies failure but instead their strength are being introduce in an investors like saying the big volume of the stock, the close price of the stocks well this is not the correct manner in investment. Here are some of the tips to be successful Investors.

1. Checked the company's profile. The companies profile will lead you on how the company succeeds in their business and also you can see their failure but you have to be careful because some company hides it. To be more safe go to their competitive firm then the other company will say their weakness.

2. Checked their chart for 5 to 10 years. The Chart tells you on how the company performance during the year. If the charts went down go and run away. And if the chart is going up then continue on checking.

3. Get a copy of their financial statement. Before investing get a copy of the company’s financial statement. Don’t invest yet! Tell the company that you going to study first if you going to invest or not tell them the truth that you are going to checked their performance.

4. Compute their performance. The performance can be computed using the formulas on finance book. You can use foundation of finance to get the performance.

Another tip if you don’t like to compute check their assets and liabilities but be careful because the company financial statements are somewhat manipulated but if you compute it thoroughly they can not escape.

Go Rooseveltians!!!

Proud to be Rooseveltian

I am a product of Roosevelt College San Mateo when I was in High School then when I took up my Masters of Arts in Education major in Physics degree in Roosevelt College Cainta. Actually I couldn’t imagine how I finished my masters because most of our professors are strict especially the couple Dr. Casambre’s. But anyway I offer this article to them because they mold me a lot in pursuing my career in fact I could forget them especially the male Dr. Casambre. Most of my professors in Roosevelt were from the Alumnie of University of the Philippines that why they are very strict especially in terms of requirement and performance. They often checked every details of your work. One of the most important thing that I often remember with the male Dr. Casambre was when he enters our room he always bring a picture and ask the class to describe what we can see on the picture and tell him what story is behind on it. At first I couldn’t see any relevance of studying English in my Physics but after finishing it. I learned that it will lead me to another horizon of my career. Learning English was so difficult especially when you are good in Mathematics. This is the very common saying’s here in the Philippines. But actually English is very enjoying because you can read lots of article and relate some articles on the real life story.

Another professor that I want to acknowledge is Dr. Carmelita U. Cruz, she is my mentor in Statistics and Physics, she is very kind and approachable professor that I ever met in my masters. She is also a very good teacher most of the statistics problem can solve by this professor in fact she has lots of published books in the Philippines. She enlightened me to be more of statistics. Actually every time I teaching statistics and economics I remember her because she is just like an outstanding teacher. I am now having my new journey in life because of this passed experienced that I learned from them. My heart still on my Roosevelt my alma mater.

Roosevelt College my beloved school

Willing to grow

We learned to show

To thee I pledge my loyalty

I am proud to be Rooseveltian.

Mabuhay ang Roosevelt!!!